LitAide

The poem "An Introduction" is written by Kamala Das, an eminent Indian poet, known for writing confessional poetry. The poem, as her style, is confessional in nature, sharing her personal and intimate thoughts. Explanation The narrator admits her lack of interest in politics, but she does know that Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of the nation, and the subsequent power political figures who remained in power.  She states her nationality as Indian and flaunts her brown skin. Her place of birth is Malabar, that covers India's south-western coast. She has command over three languages, i.e. Malayalam, English and Hindi, out of which she writes in two (Malayalam & English), and one in which she dreams i.e. Malayalam because that was her mother tongue. People including her friends, cousins, and critics advised her to not write in English because it's not her mother-tongue. She found such suggestion unwanted and wanted to be left alone with her choice. She ...

A participle is a form of verb that acts as an adjective to modify nouns or pronouns and helps form complex verb tenses. They generally end in -ing (present participle) or -ed/-en (past participle). 

1. Finite verbs - Verbs that are changed according to the person , number , and tense in relation to the subject. They are the main verbs of the sentence.             i) Change in Verb due to Person :                First person (" I went to the theatre yesterday.") Second person (" You play cricket occasionally.") Third person (" They threatened the honest man.") ii) Change in Verb due to Number : Singular (" He   criticises every new policy.") Plural (" Thousands of people participate  in the annual rally.") iii) Change in Verb due to Tense :  Present ("Vihan likes to doodle cartoons in his mathematics notebook." Past ("We witnessed the memorable T20 world cup final") Future ("They will visit the parent teaching meeting next week.")              2. Non-finite verbs : These are the verbs that remain same, irrespective of person, tense, and number in the...

The poem "Fruit-Gathering" by Rabindranath Tagore, is a poem number 12 from the collection Gitanjali . The poem deals with the theme of divine love, that is eternal in the materialistic world where mortality is inevitable. Tagore, through Tulsidas, denounces the practice of "sati", prevalent in India since ages.  Tagore advocates belief in divine love, as all forms of love is transitory. Devotion towards God helped the widow to live after the heavy blow of her husband's death. She lost her reason to live, it's only after Tulsidas' teaching, she found something to live for as she found God is with her.  Explanation The speaker narrates an anecdote of noted spiritual figure and poet, Tulsidas. Tulsidas was walking by the river Ganges, engrossed in his pondrings or deep thoughts. He was walking near the spot where dead bodies were cremated. He came across a woman, dressed in her bridal dress, sat near the corpse of her dead husband. According to sati practi...

"Leave this chanting" is a poem is the 11th poem in Rabindranath Tagore's famous collection, Gitanjali  (Song Offerings). The spiritual poem argues for the attainment of God's divinity by doing our work with sincerity, probably emphasizes karmayoga.  According to Tagore, God lives not in temples, nor is it the right way to find him through the religious customs. The essence of fulfilling our work or duties is the only path through which one can connect with the supreme being. God is not impressed with being offered with "flowers and incense" or praying in a "holy mantle" i.e. fine clothes, or engaging in religious practices like counting beads. To receive his blessings, one has to be ready to work without complaining about any discomforts. Common people like tillers, labourers, who work with honesty receive grace from the almighty. Tagore is clearly against religious dogmas and superficial practices to attain God.  Explanation The speaker addresses...

"Obituary" is a poem written by a twentieth century Indian was an Indian poet and scholar of Indian literature and linguistics.  In this poem, the speaker writes about his father, who recently died. He notes how his father led a very ordinary life, having no notable achievements and financial success. The poet sheds light on the lives of ordinary people who struggle all their lives, just to survive. Their identity remains same from their birth to death, despite trying to make a name for themselves. Still they like the speaker's father have nothing but debts to pass to the next generation, living in the same old "leaned" house for decades. The speaker stoicaly mentions his father's "several spinal discs, rough, some burned to coal" after his cremation. He also insinuates that passing of not just assets, but responsibilities and customs to their sons, as the son has to take cremated ashes of the father and immerse it into the holy river. The son, it ...

"Fear" is a reflective poem penned by Kahlil Gibran, a Lebanese-American writer, poet and visual artist.  Explanation The omniscient narrator tells a tale about a River. A personified (female) being, the River must merge into sea at the end of its course, just like all the rivers. But she trembles/shakes with fear, perhaps, of its vastness or strength. The River remininsces about the journey she had undertaken starting from her birth in "the peaks of the mountains" and then through forests and villages. And finally, she reaches her destination, the sea. But its enormity makes her afraid as such vastness could easily subsume her whole self. But now there is no alternate option left to return back for the River.  The River has to take the risk of entering the ocean and get rid of the fear, as only when the fear is rid of, the River will know the ultimate truth i.e. this entering into the ocean is the part of the process of being ocean itself. In other words, the River...

This poem by Elizabeth Jennings is about a father and son's relationship, how a generation gap can sometimes create a rift between two close people.  The narrator, a father, is perplexed about his own child. He raised him, but now it seems to the narrator that he doesn't know him, even after living together for so many years in the same house. They are practically living like strangers under the same roof. The narrator couldn't understand him. It seems that the child has changed a lot since he was a little boy. The father fears whether it is he who is responsible for the fracturing of ties, as he might not have nurtured the right values in his son. Or he wonders whether he has been an authoritarian father and interfered in his son's life, who is no longer a child.  He questions his own place in his son's life. There is no warmth left in their communication, and they talk like strangers. There is a lack of understanding between them, which further signifies their acr...

Who is the protagonist of the novel Nana ? a) Satin b) Nana Coupeau c) Madame Hugon d) Rose Mignon Answer: b) Nana Coupeau What is Nana’s profession when the novel begins? a) Seamstress b) Actress c) Opera singer d) Prostitute Answer: b) Actress What role does Nana play in the opera The Blonde Venus ? a) Diana b) Venus c) Hera d) Aphrodite Answer: b) Venus Who is Nana’s first wealthy benefactor in the novel? a) Count Muffat b) Steiner c) Philippe Hugon d) Georges Hugon Answer: b) Steiner What is Count Muffat’s position in society? a) A wealthy banker b) A government official c) A military officer d) A playwright Answer: b) A government official What is Nana’s son’s name? a) Louis b) Georges c) Raoul d) Louiset Answer: d) Louiset What disease does Nana die of at the end of the novel? a) Tuberculosis b) Smallpox c) Cholera d) Influenza Answer: b) Smallpox Who is Satin in the novel? a) Nana’s rival b) Nana’s c...

The sonnet is part of a famous sonnet sequence, "Astrophel & Stella" by Philip Sidney. In this sonnet, Astrophel, the narrator, personifies sleep and calls on it as if it were a person. He praises sleep as "knot of peace", i.e. a flowery bed offering peace. As we all know that sleep gives us rest and recharges our mind and body. If we are sleep-deprived, we grow frustrated/irritated. The narrator further calls it "baiting-place of wit, the balm of woe" to describe its state of calmness, which helps us to think clearly, and of course, we get great ideas during and after a proper slumber. In this way, it sharpens our wit. It also soothes both our physical as well as mental pains. Moreover, it is the only wealth of a poor man, i.e. a poor man can have a better rest than a rich man, on account of his toil during the daytime. A prisoner holds sleep highly as it frees him for a while. Sleep doesn't discriminate between the high class and the low class; e...

In this sonnet, our lover, Astrophel, broods in his self-pitying state of love. In a fine example of Pathetic fallacy, he begins to attribute his love-stricken emotions to the moon. It is nighttime, the moon shines right above in the sky. The narrator, as a lover, relates to the moon and calls him a failed lover like him. The moon's pale appearance signifies to him an illness or a dejection that afflicts the moon. It amazes Astrophel that Cupid, the angel of love, has the strength to shoot his enchanted arrows at a celestial body such as the Moon. Being an experienced lover, Astrophel has eyes that long for love. He can straightaway recognize anyone who burns in love like him, and the moon's desolate state is something he himself has, so he knows and understands the sad state of the moon. He further asks Moon whether, among its inhabitants, being in deep love is a sign of foolishness. He wonders whether beautiful ladies on the moon are more conceited than the ones over here on ...

This story is composed of memories of our narrator about a distinguished and artistic shoemaker.  Although, we are aware that shoemaking is literally a craft, not an art. However, this anecdote tells a different view. If a craftsman is devoted to perfecting the quality of his craft, then surely, why shouldn't we call him an artist? Galsworthy shares his precious memories of his favourite shoemaker, who lives and breathes in his shop, devoting his life to his art or craft, shoemaking. The author knew Mr. Gesslar from his childhood. He had a shop in London owned jointly by him and his brother. One can easily recognize his German accent, giving clue to his ancestry. From the narrator, we know the skill of Mr. Gesslar and his finest quality of shoes. Such was the quality and strength of his shoes that the narrator used to meet him in years as the former hadn't feel the need to visit him. And, after each meeting, he can feel the visible ageing of Mr. Gesslar. The shoemaker had unsha...

A tree symbolizes differently to children, mothers, father, and animals. It doesn't stand for a single thing It is interesting to note that although, a tree is a living being but we, human beings, treat it as a multi-purpose object. Every part of a tree is of utility for us, even after it has been cut down,  Birds build their shelter on trees. For children, trees have always been a source of enjoyment. They love playing around trees, and every child wishes to get a treehouse. Swings are suspended on trees and remain a favourite in a park. Children find a tree a perfect place to hide in their game of hide-and-seek. They find it hassling when their kites get caught in a tree. Adults too love to host their tea parties under a tree. In summertime, a tree provides cool shade for everyone, but during winter, no shade is there due to less sunlight. When a tree has been chopped down, its name changes to "timber", which is again useful to us. Mothers usually tell their children th...

According to the dictionary, the word "chivvy" means to nag, "to continuously urge someone to do something, often in an annoying way". Brief summary For children, there is one thing despicable to them, i.e. getting rebuked all the time by grown-up people like parents, teachers, etc. Parents are always mindful of what the children are doing, and it becomes their habit to utter words of caution and prevention to the children like: "Speak up Don't talk with your mouth full  Don't stare  Don't point Don't pick your nose" According to the grown-ups' psychology, children cannot do anything on their own; they need a little push and help from adults. They fear that the children will hurt themselves doing something without the supervision of the guardians. But, on the contrary side, parents complain that children are too dependent on them and can't initiate something on their own. So, the conundrum for the children is that if they take some ...

 This poem was written by a famous nineteenth century writer, Rudyard Kipling. Kipling, a Nobel Laureate, who was renowned for his storytelling. But here, we are discussing his philosophical poem "If". This poem is a practical advice by the poet, in the role of a father to his son, guiding him how to become a "real man". His wisdom points to living a life of integrity, grit and temperance.  His avoidance of the life of extremity is worthwhile and pragmatic. According to Khuswant Singh, the poem is said to summarize the core message of Bhagwata Gita. Notably, this poem is hung on every study table in the rooms of every cadet in the prestigious National Defence Academy, Dehradun (India). Lessons from the poem :- Remain calm and composed in adverse situations when everyone's mind goes boggling. People may blame one for the tough times/conditions, but one shouldn't lose it under such censure. Trust your own abilities and have some confidence in yourself even whe...